KNOW YOUR RIGHTS
A handbook on Human Rights
EDITOR’S NOTE
Though human rights today assume great significance and necessity
and though violations of human rights and unlawful acts are denounced
even beyond the frontiers of the countries where these occur,
the performance in the path of protecting and safeguarding human
rights has, nevertheless, not been encouraging in India and it
has acquired only a theoretical legitimacy. Indian Constitution
guarantees inalienable human rights to its citizens, these rights
are not fully enforced by Indian Government while dealing with
internal conflicts, agitations, political unrest and terrorism.
The growing lawlessness among the State agencies and failure of
the justice delivery system has deprived many people of their
basic human rights. Violations of human rights by the State has
become an order of the day. Scant regard is shown by the State
or its agents to the judgments of the Supreme Court or High Courts.
It would not be gainsaying the fact that the society has been
put to great jeopardy. It has been found that most of the cases
of human rights violations go unreported and unredressed for lack
of education and awareness among the people about their rights
and the redressal mechanism from where they can get redressal.
Helpless people very often choose to compromise with their sufferings
with no ray of hope in sight. State sponsored human rights commissions
have awfully failed to fulfill the aspirations of the people and
have turned to be white elephants consuming millions of rupees
with no power and intention to help the victims.
Under these impending circumstances, there is a paramount need
and an onerous responsibility upon voluntary non-governmental
organisations to educate the masses about their rights and means
to seek redressal of their grievances. The present work is a humble
effort of our organisation to educate the masses about human rights
by giving few practical tips on human rights. It would give a
brief description of the rights of the people and the obligation
of the State and its agents in performing its duty. Suggestions
to make the next edition more purposeful and lucid are welcome.
Amar Singh Chahal
President
Chandigarh
December 10,2001
CHAPTER I
What are human rights ?
‘Human rights’ are those natural rights by virtue
of which a human being enjoys life. These are those minimal rights
which every individual must have against the State or other public
authority by virtue of his being a “member of human family”,
irrespective of any other consideration. In sum and substance,
human rights are inherent in nature and without which we cannot
live as human beings. Human rights are fundamental freedoms that
allow us to fully develop, our intelligence, our dealings and
our conceive and to satisfy our spiritual and other things. These
are also called universal moral rights that do not have to be
earned, bought or inherited. People are equally entitled to them
regardless of their sex, race, color, language class or religious
or political beliefs. Human Rights means the rights relating to
life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed
by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants
and enforceable by courts in India.(Section 2(1)(d) of the Protection
of Human Rights Act,1993).
Human Rights includes,
(1) Right to earn livlihood;
(2) Right to live in safe environment;
(3) Right to freedom of expression;
(4) Right to Protection against exploitation;
(5) Right to Protection against degrading treatment;
(6) Right to free legal aid;
In addition to these, there are certain inalienable rights connected
with certain necessities of life like food, water, shelter, basic
for sustaining life and saving it from hunger and destitution,
disease and despair and without which one cannot live. There are
also certain fundamental values and freedoms without which it
would not be worth living. These rights can play a significant
role in the empowerment of the improvised. The oppressed can become
more self reliant through an understanding of their rights. An
awareness of the rights helps diminish dependency and builds up
confident self-reliance when “have-not” appreciate
that they are entitled to resources as a matter of entitlement
and not just benign charity. Awareness of human rights also play
an important role in securing the accountability of those who
wield power and control resources essential to the satisfaction
of basic human needs.
What are the forms of human rights ?
There are mainly two forms of human rights, Civil and Political
rights, Social and Economic rights and environmental, cultural
and developmental rights.
What are Civil & Political Rights ?
Civil and Political Rights are generally referred to as “liberty-oriented”
or first generation” rights. They give people the freedom
to think and have access to information, the freedom to act and
to choose what to do, and freedom to join in the political life
of their community and society. For example, the right of the
people to vote is a civil and political right. Freedom of thought,
religion, conscience and speech, right to peaceful assembly, protection
from government interference are some forms of Civil & Political
rights. These also include protection against discrimination in
employment, exploitation and denial of basic rights to a person
which are available to other similarly situated persons. Political
Rights also include protection against illegal detention, torture,
false implication, denial of right to livlihood, right to practice
religious or political faith and belief.
What are Social and economic Rights ?
Those security orientated rights which give social, economic and
cultural security to the people are called Social and economic Rights.
These rights provide people with protection against having basic
things in life taken away from them, such as, food, shelter and
health care. These also include, an adequate standard of living,
the highest attainable standard of health, just and favourable conditions
of work. Elimination of all forms of discrimination including racial
or gender discrimination comes under Social and economic Rights.
What are Environmental, cultural and developmental rights ?
These rights ensures that the people have the right to life in an
environment that is clean and free from pollution and protected
from destruction. They also recognize that groups of people should
have the right to cultural, political and economic development.
What are human rights abuses ?
Any infringement of fundamental freedom or basic human right
constitutes human right abuse. For example, illegal detention
and mis-behavior in Police custody or torture. Discrimination
on the basis of sex, gender or class is also a human right abuse.
When Human Rights abuses occur : What can be done ?
When somebody is picked up by the police or illegally detained,
his relatives must send telegrams or fax to the incharge of the
Police Station, Senior Police authorities, like Director-General
of Police, Senior Superintendent of Police, District Administration
like District Magistrate and human rights commission without any
delay, giving details of the detainee and the persons who had
taken him away and under whose custody the detainee was being
kept. Telegrams should also be sent to the Chief Minister or Home
Secretary of the State. The print and electronic media should
also be informed about the incident. When somebody is killed or
tortured in Police Custody, his relatives must involve the general
public and journalists and impress upon the authorities for proper
medical examination of the victim and urgent medical treatment.
In the case of custodial death, the post-mortem of the dead body
must be video-taped in the presence of the relative of the deceased
and the Sub-Divisional Magistrate must be asked to conduct the
enquiry under Section 173 Cr.P.C. Complaint should be made to
the Police in writing and if they refuse the same, it should be
sent through registered post or fax. Human Rights activists and
lawyers, besides press people must be informed and involved in
the follow-up action.
A Complaint of a human right violation can be made either to
the High Court of the State having the jurisdiction over the matter
under Extra-Ordinary Civil Writ Jurisdiction or Criminal Jurisdiction
under Section 482 of Cr.P.C. The High Court can either direct
a high level probe or even an independent enquiry by a Judicial
Officer or Central Bureau of Investigation, besides ordering interim
compensation to the victim or his relatives. A Complaint of a
human right violation can also be made to the Human Rights Commission
(if any constituted) along with an affidavit of the victim or
relative. Photographs of the victim should also be taken and submitted
to the Commission. The Commission can entertain a complaint only
against a violation of human rights committed by a Public servant
and if the matter is not more than one year old.
What are the rights of an arrested person ?
According to the Supreme Court Judgment in D.K.Basu Vs. State
of West Bengal, AIR 1997 SC 610, every arrested person is entitled
to the following safeguards:
1. Information should be given to the relative or next friend
of the detainee, immediately; If the next friend or the relative
lives outside the jurisdiction of the Police Station where he
is arrested, a telegraphic message must be sent to his next friend
or relative.
2. Arrest memo should be prepared by the arresting officer, which
shall be attested by a family member or next friend and counter-signed
by the detainee.
3. The detainee must be provided with a lawyer of his choice or
at State expense.
4. The detainee should not be beaten, tortured or extorted to
confess the crime while in custody.
5. The detainee should be medically examined within 24 hours of
the arrest and re-examined after every 48 hours in detention.
6. The particulars of the detainee must be displayed on a notice
board affixed at a conspicuous place in the Police Station where
he is detained.
7. The Police officer carrying out the arrest of a person must
bear accurate, visible and clear identification and name tags
with their designations on his uniform. The particulars of all
such police personnel who handle interrogation of the arrested
person must be recorded in a register.
8. The detainee should be informed of the charges leveled against
him by the police.
9. The detainee should not be subjected to degrading and indignified
treatment.
What is “Police” ?
Police stands for, Polite, Obedient, Loyal, Intelligent, Courageous,
Efficient force.
What are the duties of a Policeman ?
1. To maintain Law and Order;
2. To prevent breach of peace in the society;
3. To investigate into the commission of an offence;
4. To prosecute the person accused of an offence;
5. To maintain record of all the suspects arrested in the Police
Station;
What the Policeman should not do ?
1. Not to take the law into his own hands;
2. Not to keep any person in illegal detention;
3. Not to mis-behave or beat or torture any suspect in custody;
4. Not to implicate any innocent person in false case;
What are the rights of Citizens ?
1. Not to be discriminated by any public servant;
2. Not to be denied medical treatment in Government Hospital ;
3. Not to be illegally detained and tortured;
4. Not to be compelled to be a witness against himself
5. To be provided free legal aid in case of indigence or poverty;
6. Women and children below 16 years of age could not be
summoned in Police Station for investigation purpose;
7. Women suspects could be arrested only by lady Police;
8. To hold investigation and study on burning topic of human rights;
Chapter II
JURISDICTION OF THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE
Habeas Corpus Petition Under Article 226/227 of the Constitution
of India:
The Petition of Habeas Corpus is filed in the High Court against
the infringement of fundamental right to liberty of a citizen
and for seeking the production of the detainee from the illegal
custody of the Police.
Civil Writ Petition Under Article 226/227 of the Constitution
of India;
The Civil Writ Petition is filed in the High Court against the
infringement of fundamental right and for grant of interim compensation
to the victim;
Criminal Misclaneous Petition Under Section 482 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure:
The Criminal Misclaneous Petition is filed in the High Court for
seeking inquiry or appropriate orders into the violation of human
right of the victim and for compensation;
JURISDICTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
National Human Rights Commission, New Delhi
The Commission can enquire into a complaint of human rights violation
which is not more than one year old;
The Commission can depute any agency of the Government for a
report into the allegations leveled in the complaint;
The Commission can recommend the grant of compensation to the
victim or recommend the initiation of disciplinary action or registration
of case against the delinquent officer found guilty of the violation
of human rights;
State Human Rights Commission:
The Commission can enquire into a complaint of human rights violation
which is not more than one year old;
The Commission can depute only the State agency for investigation
into the allegations leveled in the complaint;
The Commission can recommend the grant of compensation to the
victim or recommend the initiation of disciplinary action or registration
of case against the delinquent officer found guilty of the violation
of human rights;
SPECIMEN FORM FOR FILING COMPLAINT
BEFORE HUMAN RIGHTS
COMMISSION
Before the State Human Rights Commission at ................
Name and address of the Complainant ...........Complainant
Versus
Particulars of the concerned area ........Respondents
COMPLAINT UNDER SECTION 12 OF THE PROTECTION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT.
RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH;-
1. Brief introduction of the Complainant.
2. Facts and details of incident describing the violation of
human rights.
3. Relief prayed.
4. Prayer.
Place: Complainant
Dated:
Verification:
Verified that the contents of para no.1 to---- are true and
correct to my knowledge and belief and nothing has been concealed
therein and no part of it is false or mis-stated.
Place Complainant
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